INTERNATIONAL MODELS AND MECHANISMS OF SOCIAL PROTECTION FINANCING

Abstract

This study examines international models and financial mechanisms of social protection, with particular emphasis on the institutional structure, sources of financial resources, and approaches to ensuring the long-term sustainability of social protection systems. The research comparatively analyzes Beveridge, Bismarck, universal, mixed, and targeted financing models and evaluates the role of taxation, social insurance contributions, government transfers, and diversified financing instruments in expanding social protection coverage. Based on statistical evidence from the International Labour Organization, World Bank, and OECD, the study identifies persistent global financing gaps, differences in social protection coverage, and the increasing importance of combining contributory and non-contributory mechanisms to address diverse social risks. The findings demonstrate that sustainable social protection financing requires an integrated approach that links resource mobilization, risk pooling, targeted distribution, digital administration, monitoring, and assessment of social outcomes, while adapting international practices to the fiscal, demographic, and institutional conditions of individual countries.