European Science Methodical Journal is a scholarly peer reviewed international multidisciplinary Journal. The journal implements double blind peer review for articles. The research manuscript have to pass through the plagiarism check before allotted to the reviewers. The open access journal ensure the quality of published articles. The journal includes wide range of research articles in multidisciplinary areas of Applied, Methodical, Therotical and Biological Sciences. The original review, research, literature, short note, book reviews are welcome to publish in this journal Important information of the Journal: Frequency: 12 issues per Year International License: CC BY Acceptance Status : 1-2 weeks Publication Period : 1-2 weeks ISSN (E): 2938-3641 SJIF 2024: 5.394 Journal Abbreviation: Eur. sci. methodical j. The scope of the journal is not limited to- Physical Sciences Biological Sciences Chemical Sciences Engineering and Technology Food Sciences Forensic Science Physical Sciences Medical Science Educational Science
THE EFFECT OF IRRIGATION REGIMES ON THE SOIL SALINITY AND WATER REGIME
This article examines the effect of irrigation regimes on the soil water–salt regime. The influence of irrigation rates, timing, and methods on soil moisture and salt movement is analyzed. In addition, the processes of soil salinization caused by improper irrigation practices and their negative impact on soil fertility are discussed. The research findings demonstrate that the scientifically based management of irrigation regimes plays a crucial role in improving the soil's reclamation status, preventing salinization, and achieving higher agricultural crop yields.
Irrigation regime, soil water–salt regime, soil salinization, soil fertility, soil moisture, land reclamation, agriculture.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
ANALYSIS OF THE INFLUENCE OF SPRAY DISTANCE AND ANGLE ON COATING QUALITY IN ROBOTIC MANIPULATOR PAINTING USING MATLAB
In this paper, the influence of spray distance and spray angle on coating quality during robotic manipulator painting is analyzed in the MATLAB environment. In robotic painting systems, ensuring product quality, uniform paint layer distribution, and stability of the technological process depend on the correct positioning of the spray gun relative to the surface. Particularly on complex-shaped and uneven surfaces, variations in spray distance lead to increases or decreases in coating thickness. The spray angle, in turn, determines the efficiency of paint particle deposition on the surface. In this paper, the combined effect of distance and angle is modeled using a spray cone model, coating thickness equation, and quality indicator. The relationships among distance, angle, and coating quality are evaluated using graphs in MATLAB. The results show that an optimal spray distance and a spray angle close to the surface normal improve coating quality.
Robot manipulator, spray distance, spray angle, coating quality, MATLAB, painting process, spray cone, coating thickness.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SLEEP QUALITY AND SERUM CORTISOL LEVELS AMONG HEALTHCARE WORKERS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Background: Work undertaken during night-shift hours is commonly linked with sleep disturbance, circadian rhythm disruption and increased physiological stress among healthcare providers. Objective: The objective of this study was to explore the relationship between sleep quality and serum cortisol among healthcare workers working regular night shifts in Baghdad, Iraq. Methods: Two hundred healthcare workers working in governmental hospitals in Baghdad completed a cross-sectional study between October 2025 and February 2026. The sleep quality was measured by the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Serum cortisol concentrations were measured using the VIDAS® Cortisol assay, an enzyme-linked fluorescent assay (ELFA) technology. Results: Poor sleep quality was common, with 71.0% of participants poor sleepers. Serum cortisol concentrations increased significantly among poor sleepers compared with good sleepers in the sample (24.7 ± 4.6 vs. 13.4 ± 2.8 μg/dL, p < 0.001). Increasing frequency of monthly night-shift duties resulted in progressively rising levels of cortisol. There was a significant positive Pearson correlation established between PSQI score and serum cortisol concentrations (r = 0.72, p < 0.001), whereas sleep duration showed a significant negative correlation (r = −0.66, p < 0.001). Multiple linear regression found that: PSQI score, sleep duration, and night-shift frequency were significant independent variables predicting serum cortisol levels (Adjusted R² = 0.61, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Poor sleep quality and frequent night-shift duty were significantly associated with high serum cortisol levels in the healthcare workers indicating a close association between occupational sleep disturbance and physiological stress response.
Sleep quality; Serum cortisol; Night-shift work; Occupational stress; Healthcare workers.
MULTILINGUAL CODE-SWITCHING IN UZBEKISTAN: SOCIAL DYNAMICS AND REGIONAL COMPARISONS
This article examines the cultural, social, and linguistic dimensions of code-switching in Uzbekistan, where the native Uzbek language intersects with Russian and the growing global influence of English. Analyzing these dynamics in a comparative Central Asian context, the study demonstrates how alternating between languages serves as a vital social marker of identity, educational background, and socio-economic prestige. While code-switching facilitates cognitive flexibility and functions as a strategic pedagogical tool in multicultural classrooms, it also reinforces existing social hierarchies and creates challenges for educators balancing linguistic inclusion with language mastery. Ultimately, the paper highlights how code-switching allows individuals to navigate shifting power structures, migration impacts, and generational changes to articulate hybrid, multifaceted identities.
Code-switching, Uzbekistan, multilingualism, sociolinguistic identity, Post-Soviet transition, linguistic hierarchy, educational contexts, Central Asia.
ASSESSING NEURAL NETWORK PERFORMANCE IN AI-DRIVEN TRANSLATION: STRENGTHS AND CONSTRAINTS
Neural networks have fundamentally transformed the field of artificial intelligence (AI)-based translation, introducing substantial improvements in accuracy, contextual understanding, and linguistic adaptability. This article examines the capabilities and limitations of neural machine translation (NMT) systems, structured according to the IMRaD format. Drawing on a review of recent literature, the study evaluates the architectural advances — including transformer models, attention mechanisms, and encoder-decoder frameworks — that underpin modern NMT performance. Findings indicate that while neural networks demonstrate superior accuracy and contextual sensitivity compared to traditional rule-based and statistical machine translation systems, they remain constrained by challenges related to polysemy, idiomatic expression, culturally specific language, and data quality. The implications of these limitations for future research and development in AI translation are discussed.
Neural machine translation, deep learning, attention mechanisms, transformer models, linguistic nuance, data quality, AI translation.
ANALYSIS OF THE PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF ADMINISTRATIVE LIABILITY FOR VIOLATIONS OF LABOR LAWS
This study aims to comprehensively analyze the mechanisms for implementing administrative liability for labor violations in the context of the systematic renewal of the legal framework of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The subject of the study is the actual law enforcement practice of authorized government agencies, including the specifics of identifying offenses and imposing administrative penalties. The scientific novelty of the work lies in its synergistic approach, combining a legal analysis of state coercion institutions with an assessment of the level of legal culture in society. The article examines in detail institutional barriers, such as the economic disproportion of sanctions and the latency of violations in the gray economy. Particular attention is paid to the pedagogical aspect as a fundamental factor in prevention: the author substantiates the need to shift the focus from a punitive paradigm to systemic legal education through educational institutions. The key conclusion of the study is a proposal to recalibrate penalties and digitalize supervisory activities to ensure genuine protection of citizens' labor rights.
Administrative liability, labor legislation, law enforcement practice, State Labor Inspectorate, Labor Code, Code of Administrative Offenses of the Republic of Uzbekistan, violation of workers' rights, labor safety, forced labor, legal nihilism, offense prevention, legal education, digital transformation of supervision, legal culture.
INITIAL BOUNDARY-VALUE PROBLEM FOR AN INHOMOGENEOUS MIXED-TYPE PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION WITH TWO DEGENERATION LINES
In this section, we consider a boundary-value problem for an inhomogeneous mixed-type partial differential equation with two degeneracy lines. We obtain a representation of the solution, derive an a priori estimate for the solution, and obtain theorems proving its uniqueness and conditional stability on the solution's well-posedness set.
Mixed-type, ill-posed boundary-value problem, a priori estimates, conditional stability of the solution, uniqueness of the solution, well-posedness set.
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE: A GLOBAL CHALLENGE AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN MODERN MEDICINE
This article, along with an analysis of the mechanisms of antibiotic resistance development, clinical consequences, and risks to the healthcare system, aims to scientifically evaluate the factors increasing resistance and justify an approach that combines diagnostics, antimicrobial therapy, and infection control. The methodology is based on an analytical, synthetic, and comparative approach. As a scientific innovation, an integrative management model for local practice has been developed.
Antibiotic resistance, antimicrobial therapy, nosocomial infections, biofilm, genetic determinants, laboratory diagnostics, prevention.
ISOLATION AND DETERMINATION OF THE MOLECULAR WEIHT OF AMINOACYLASE-1 FROM THE SERUM OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA AND ITS KINETICS STUDIED BY GEL FILTRATON CHROMATOGRAPHY
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common primary liver cancers in the world. Early diagnosis of HCC is difficult because symptoms often don't appear until the tumor has spread and reached an advanced stage. Aminoacylase-1 (ACY1) is an enzyme belonging to the zinc-containing aminoacylase family. ACY1 is expressed in the liver, brain, kidneys, and some other tissues. ACY1 deficiency causes rare metabolic disorders that increase the excretion of N-acetylated amino acids in the urine. ACY1 is closely associated with HCC due to its active role in regulating metabolism and its influence on the growth and spread of cancer cells. ACY1 and its analogs are used as a biomarker for detecting tumors in cancerous tissues, as a potential therapeutic target, and as an inhibitor that prevents growth and spread in hepatocellular carcinoma. Aminoacylase-1 enzyme was purified from the serum of hepatocellular carcinoma patients. Ammonium sulfate (65%) was used for precipitation. Dialysis was performed to remove residual salts. The enzyme was isolated by ion exchange and gel filtration methods. A single isoform of the enzyme was obtained with a specific activity (94.36 U/mg) four times that of crude serum. The molecular weight of ACY1 was estimated by gel filtration and electrophoresis and was approximately (45000 Daltons). The kinetics and optimal conditions for the ACY1 enzyme were studied. The optimal substrate concentration was (7.5 mM), the value (Km=2.5 mM), the maximum velocity (Vmax=0.084 U/mL), the value (pH=7.5), the incubation period was (25 minutes), and the temperature was (37C°).
Aminoacylase-1; Electrophoresis; Hepatocellular carcinoma; Kinetic study; Ion exchange; Optimum conditions; Purification; Risk factors.
INTEGRATED MINERAL AND BIOSTIMULANT NUTRITION ENHANCES BASIL PRODUCTIVITY AND ESSENTIAL OIL COMPOSITION UNDER SEMI-ARID FIELD CONDITIONS IN IRAQ
Background: Sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is one of the most commercially valuable aromatic herbs in the world, but in Iraq the farm-level performance of the crop is regularly underperforming compared to what has been demonstrated by experimental plots to be possible in the country - a shortcoming that suggests that evidence-based guidelines on fertilisation should be developed to suit the local climate. Aim: The aim of the study was to determine whether NPK compound fertiliser (20:20:20) or humic acid, or the combination of the two, would have any significant effect on the vegetative development, leaf colour, herb yield and essential oil production of basil grown in semi-arid conditions in central Iraq. Methods: There were eight interventions in a randomised complete block design (three replicates), comprising unfertilised control, three NPK rates (50-150 kg ha -1), two foliar humic acid concentrations (1.5 and 3 g L -1) and two NPK-humic acid combinations. Measurements were made at the pre flowering stage. Findings: NPK alone at 100 kg ha -1 and humic acid alone at 3 g L -1 (T8) always performed better than others. There was a more than 2-fold increase in fresh aerial weight as compared to the control, an overall chlorophyll of 3.05 mg g -1 FW, and essential oil yield of 47.3 L ha -1. Profiling GC-MS revealed an increase in linalool of 41.3 in the control to 48.3 in T8 - an increase that boosts commercial oil value. Conclusion: It was found that combining moderate NPK with foliar humic acid was more effective than either treatment and the combination is suggested as a viable solution to fertilisation of basil growers in Salah al-Din and other semi-arid governorates in Iraq.
Ocimum basilicum; NPK fertilizer; humic acid; biostimulant; chlorophyll; essential oil; linalool; semi-arid agronomy; terpene biosynthesis; nutrient use efficiency.
DIAGNOSTIC PERFORMANCE OF ROSE BENGAL TEST, IGM/IGG ELISA, AND IS711-PCR FOR DETECTION OF HUMAN BRUCELLOSIS: A COMPARATIVE CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
Background: Human brucellosis is an important zoonotic disease with non-specific clinical manifestations that affect laboratory diagnosis. Reliable serological and molecular methods are needed to detect the disease. In this study, we assessed the performance of the Rose Bengal test (RBT), anti-Brucella IgM/IgG ELISA, and IS711-based PCR for the detection of human brucellosis. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study, we investigated 101 clinically suspected patients. We collected blood samples and divided them into serological and molecular samples. Our sample was initially tested with Rose Bengal and IgM/IgG ELISA, and DNA extracted from EDTA whole blood samples was then subjected to conventional PCR targeting the Brucella melitensis IS711 insertion sequence, producing a 585 bp amplicon. Statistical analysis was performed with Chi-square test and ROC curve to assess diagnostic performance. Results: Rose Bengal test was the most positive (44.5%), followed by ELISA IgG (37.6%), ELISA IgM (28.7%), and PCR confirmed 23.8% of cases. The diagnostic methods had significant differences (p < 0.05). For PCR, AUC = 0.92 (ROC) and diagnosis was determined by sensitivity of 92% and specificity of 95%. ELISA IgM showed moderate success (AUC = 0.78), followed by ELISA IgG (AUC = 0.63), and the Rose Bengal test showed the lowest accuracy (AUC = 0.52). Conclusion: IS711-PCR was significantly more accurate for human brucellosis, while the Rose Bengal and ELISA methods are good for rapid screening. Diagnostic reliability can be improved by serological tests paired with PCR.
Brucellosis, Rose Bengal test, ELISA, PCR, IS711, Diagnostic accuracy.
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY ON AMEBIASIS IN THE DISTRICT OF HAWIJA IN KIRKUK
Entamoeba histolytica is a common parasite worldwide, particularly in Iraq. This statistical study adds new findings confirming human infection with this parasite and its role in causing gastrointestinal disorders. The study was conducted in Kirkuk, Hawija District, at the Hawija General Hospital laboratory, on 120 samples randomly collected between February 2024 and February 2026. Direct examination of stool samples revealed that the cause of diarrhea was Entamoeba histolytica infection. Microscopic examination using wet swabs and flotation/sedimentation methods was performed to detect larval and cystic stages. The study also revealed the infection rates between males and females, with males showing a higher rate of 65%. The highest infection rates were recorded in November (40%) and June (14%). The most affected age group was children aged 1 to 10 years (45%), followed by adolescents aged 11 years and older (20.8%).
Epidemiological, amebiasis, Entamoeba histolytica, Aemebiasis-dysentry.
TYPES, FORMS, TIME NORMS OF PRODUCTION IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND THEIR CHARACTERISTICS
This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the main types, organizational forms, and time norms of production in the mechanical engineering industry. The specific features, technical-economic indicators, and areas of application of single, serial, and mass production types are studied. The importance of time norms in increasing labor productivity at mechanical engineering enterprises and the methodology for calculating them are also described. Recommendations for the development of the mechanical engineering industry in Uzbekistan are provided.
Mechanical engineering, types of production, single production, serial production, mass production, time norm, technological process, labor productivity.
DETECTION OF THE PVL GENE AMONG STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ISOLATES FROM PATIENTS WITH SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH DISEASE SEVERITY
Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs). It remains unknown if Panton–Valentine leukocidin (PVL) and its virulence factors contribute to more severe diseases. Aim: To establish the prevalence of the pvl gene of Staphylococcus aureus among SSTI isolates and assess the association with disease severity. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Baghdad between December 2024 and January 2026 involving 71 patients with suspected SSTIs. Standard microbiological methods were used to identify the bacteria, and the VITEK 2 system confirmed the results. We evaluated 41 S. aureus isolates in total. Real-time PCR was used to find the pvl gene, and statistical analysis was used to see how it was related to the severity of the disease. Results: The pvl gene was detected in 24 (58.5%) isolates. A significant association was found between pvl positivity and increased disease severity (p = 0.032), with moderate and severe infections more common among PVL-positive cases. However, correlation analysis showed only a weak relationship. White blood cell counts were higher in moderate and severe cases but were not statistically significant. Conclusion: PVL-positive Staphylococcus aureus strains are prevalent among SSTI patients in Baghdad and may contribute to more severe infections, although disease severity remains multifactorial.
Staphylococcus aureus, Panton–Valentine leukocidin, SSTIs, Molecular detection, Clinical severity.
STUDY ON THE EFFECT OF ISILIN AND PELANGES ON LIVER AND KIDNEY FUNCTION ENZYMES AND DETERMINATION OF THE NO-OBSERVED-ADVERSE-EFFECT LEVEL (NOAEL)
The liver and kidneys are major organs responsible for the metabolism and excretion of xenobiotics, which makes them more susceptible to chemical toxicity. It is important to be able to assess therapeutic safety by characterizing the effects of new compounds on these organs.
Isilin, Pelanges, Liver Function, Kidney Function, ALT, AST, BUN, Creatinine, Histopathology, Toxicity, Mice Model.
DETERMINATION OF ACARICIDE RESIDUES IN CHICKEN MEAT AND EGGS AFTER ACARICIDE APPLICATION
This article presents research data on the effects of the acaricide Delcid, used against red chicken mites, on the quality of meat and eggs. It also examines the drug’s accumulation in meat and internal organs, determines the time required for its elimination from the body, and, based on these findings, provides recommendations for the safe consumption of animal products by humans.
Acaricide Delcid, ectoparasites, D. gallinae mites, drug accumulation in meat, cumulation, quality of chicken meat, premises treatment, deacarization, Bobrov apparatus.
ACHIEVING THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS, MOBILIZING RESOURCES AND STRENGTHENING STAKEHOLDER CONNECTIONS
The implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals represents the largest coordinated resource mobilisation challenge in the history of international development, requiring the systematic alignment of financial instruments, physical infrastructure investment, human capital development, technological capacity, and multi-stakeholder engagement within a coherent, equitable, and efficient resourcing architecture. This article investigates the theoretical frameworks and empirical evidence governing SDG resource mobilisation, analysing domestic revenue mobilisation strategies, international financing mechanisms, blended finance instruments, infrastructure investment frameworks, and the governance of multi-stakeholder resource partnerships.
Sustainable Development Goals, resource mobilisation, SDG financing, blended finance, infrastructure investment, domestic revenue, ODA, multi-stakeholder partnerships, development finance, SDG budgeting.
THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN INNOVATIVE PEDAGOGY AND STIMULATION TECHNOLOGIES IN MEDICAL EDUCATION
Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming medical education by enabling personalized learning, enhancing simulation-based training, and supporting competency-based assessment. This review synthesizes recent developments in AI-driven adaptive learning platforms, intelligent tutoring systems, virtual patients, and AI-augmented virtual/augmented reality (VR/AR) simulators. We discuss pedagogical benefits—improved knowledge retention, faster skills acquisition, and actionable learning analytics—alongside key challenges including data privacy, algorithmic bias, faculty development, cost, and ethical concerns. Finally, we outline practical implementation strategies and propose future research directions to ensure responsible, equitable, and evidence-based integration of AI into medical curricula.
Artificial intelligence; medical education; innovative pedagogy; simulation; virtual patients; adaptive learning; learning analytics; ethic.
DIDACTIC OPPORTUNITIES OF GAMIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN DEVELOPING DIGITAL LITERACY IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS
This study examines the didactic potential of gamification technologies in developing students’ digital literacy within the educational process. In the era of rapid digitalization, digital literacy has become a fundamental skill for students, enabling them to effectively use digital tools, access information, and participate in modern learning environments. Gamification technologies, including educational games, simulations, and reward-based systems, provide interactive and motivating learning experiences that promote active engagement and skill acquisition. The research analyzes how these technologies can enhance students’ practical digital skills, critical thinking, problem-solving, and collaborative abilities. Furthermore, the study highlights both the opportunities and challenges of integrating gamification into teaching practices. Findings indicate that when implemented thoughtfully, gamification technologies significantly support the development of digital literacy and create learner-centered environments that foster motivation, creativity, and effective learning outcomes.
Gamification technologies, digital literacy, educational process, didactic opportunities, game-based learning, ICT skills, student engagement, interactive learning, digital competencies, innovative teaching.
In this article, the concept of an organism and its connection with natural geographical complexes are analyzed from a scientific point of view. Issues of the main characteristics of the organism, systematicity, integrity, and interrelationships between components are highlighted. It also explains the formation of natural geographical complexes as a single system based on the interaction of natural components - climate, relief, soil, water, flora, and fauna. Based on the scientific views of Shubaev and Baratov, the article discusses the development of natural systems, the exchange of matter and energy, and the impact of human activity on nature. The necessity of maintaining the natural balance and nature conservation is also substantiated.
Organism, natural geographical complex, natural components, landscape, systematicity, metabolism of matter and energy, ecological balance, climate, soil, vegetation cover, nature conservation.
NEUROENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC BIOMARKERS IN POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME: ASSOCIATION OF KISSPEPTIN, ANTI-MÜLLERIAN HORMONE, AND ADIPOKINES WITH HORMONAL DYSREGULATION
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in reproductive age women with complex neuroendocrine and metabolic causes. This case control study assessed serum levels of the following: kisspeptin, anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), leptin, adiponectin, reproductive hormones, insulin resistance indices in 60 women with PCOS and 60 age-matched healthy controls in Iraq.
PCOS; Kisspeptin; AMH; Leptin; Adiponectin; HOMA-IR; Insulin Resistance; Hormonal Dysregulation; Iraq.
MICROBIOTA AND HUMAN HEALTH: BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS AND CLINICAL IMPACT
The human microbiota represents a complex and dynamic ecosystem composed of trillions of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and archaea, that colonize various anatomical sites of the body. Among these, the gut microbiota has emerged as a central regulator of host physiology, metabolism, immune function, and neurobehavioral processes. Advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies and metagenomic analysis have significantly expanded our understanding of host–microbiota interactions and their role in maintaining health and contributing to disease pathogenesis. The biological mechanisms through which microbiota influence human health include modulation of immune system development, production of bioactive metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), regulation of epithelial barrier integrity, and interaction with endocrine and neural signaling pathways. Dysbiosis—an imbalance in microbial composition and function—has been strongly associated with a wide range of diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune disorders, neurodegenerative conditions, and certain cancers.Recent clinical research highlights the therapeutic potential of microbiota-targeted interventions such as probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, dietary modulation, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Personalized microbiome-based medicine is emerging as a promising approach for disease prevention and treatment.This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the biological mechanisms underlying microbiota-host interactions and evaluates their clinical implications in modern medicine. Understanding the microbiome as a key regulatory system offers new perspectives for translational research and precision healthcare strategies.
Microbiota; Gut microbiome; Dysbiosis; Immune regulation; Short-chain fatty acids; Metabolic syndrome; Inflammation; Fecal microbiota transplantation; Precision medicine.
APOPTOSIS AND CELL PROLIFERATION: THEIR ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ONCOLOGICAL DISEASES
Apoptosis and cell proliferation are fundamental biological processes that maintain tissue homeostasis in multicellular organisms. The balance between programmed cell death and controlled cell division ensures normal growth, development, and regeneration of tissues. Disruption of this balance plays a central role in the initiation and progression of oncological diseases. Reduced apoptosis or excessive proliferation leads to uncontrolled cell growth, genomic instability, tumor formation, and metastasis. Modern molecular biology has revealed key regulatory pathways involved in apoptosis, including the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway, extrinsic death receptor pathway, and the role of caspases, Bcl-2 family proteins, and p53 tumor suppressor gene. Similarly, dysregulation of the cell cycle through cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), and oncogenes contributes to malignant transformation.This article analyzes the molecular and cellular mechanisms of apoptosis and proliferation, their interaction in cancer pathogenesis, and the clinical significance of targeting these pathways in oncology. Understanding these mechanisms provides a scientific basis for the development of targeted therapies and personalized medicine in cancer treatment.
Apoptosis; Cell proliferation; Cancer; Oncogenesis; Cell cycle; Tumor suppressor genes; Caspases; Bcl-2; p53; Molecular oncology.
METABOLIC HEALTH AND ITS DETERMINANTS IN IRAQI UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL ANALYSIS
Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors that substantially increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Although traditionally associated with older populations, recent evidence suggests a rising burden of MetS among young adults, particularly in regions undergoing rapid lifestyle transitions. Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its associated metabolic and lifestyle-related risk factors among university students in Diyala Province, Iraq. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of university students was performed. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure and biochemical (fasting blood glucose and lipid profile) parameters were determined. MetS was diagnosed according to accepted criteria. Frequency of consumption of fast-food was assessed as lifestyle factor. Comparisons between students with and without MetS were conducted statistically. Results: Metabolic syndrome was identified among university students, indicating the presence of early cardiometabolic risk, suggesting an early cardiometabolic risk profile. The body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose levels, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and VLDL were significantly higher and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) lower in those with MetS compared to their healthy counterparts. More frequent consumption of fast food (>3 times/week) was related with worse metabolic profiles: higher glucose, dyslipidemia, central obesity and heavier blood pressure. Conclusions: Metabolic syndrome and its components exist and are present in university students, in Diyala Province suggesting early occurrence of cardiometabolic risk. Frequent indulgence in fast-food is an important modifiable.
LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL ERRORS IN EFL WRITING: IMPLICATIONS FOR TEACHING METHODOLOGY
Writing is one of the most challenging skills for learners of English as a Foreign Language (EFL). Among the common difficulties students face are lexical and grammatical errors, which significantly affect clarity, coherence, and communicative effectiveness. This article explores the nature and causes of lexical and grammatical errors in EFL writing and discusses their pedagogical implications. The study emphasizes the importance of systematic error analysis, contextualized grammar instruction, vocabulary development strategies, and communicative teaching approaches to reduce recurring errors. Practical recommendations for improving teaching methodology are also provided.
EFL writing, lexical errors, grammatical errors, error analysis, teaching methodology, foreign language learning.
CHARACTERIZATION OF QUANTUM EFFICIENCY AND OPTICAL ABSORPTION OF NANOMATERIAL DRUG CARRIERS UNDER LASER EFFECT: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL INSIGHTS
To successfully combine laser technology with nanomedicine, it is important to have a good insight into the optical properties of drug carriers. The paper will describe the Quantum Efficiency (QE) and Optical Absorption of two different types of nanomaterials: carbon-based Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs) synthesized by hydrothermal, biogenic (green), and Laser Ablation in Liquids (LAL) synthesis, and metallic nanoparticles (AgNPs and AuNPs). The main goal was to establish the correlation between structural property - e.g. particle size, surface defects and functionalization - and the photonic performance of the material under laser irradiation. It was shown in the experiment that LAL-produced AuNPs are more monodispersed and reach a high Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) peak at 520 nm as compared to other methods, which are more suited to photothermal work. On the other hand, organic capping layers resulted in broader absorption profiles in biogenic AgNPs. GQDs exhibited a high intrinsic QE of 18.4 percent with regards to the carbon-based carriers. When loaded with the anticancer drug Doxorubicin (DOX), the QE considerably dropped to 9.2% which is due to a Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) process, essentially acting as an optical signal-off detector in drug conjugation. In order to triangulate these experimental results, DFT calculations were done with the B3LYP functional. The theoretical models estimated a decrease in HOMO-LUMO gap to 2.98 eV (GQD-DOX complex) compared to 3.65 eV (bare GQD) which was consistent with experimental optical data with a variation of less than 6%. As the current paper confirms, the combination of advanced laser spectroscopy and theoretical modeling allows building a powerful framework of the design of smart, optically active drug delivery system.
Nanomaterial Characterization, Quantum Efficiency, Optical Absorption, Laser Ablation in Liquids, Graphene Quantum Dots, Density Functional Theory (DFT), Surface Plasmon Resonance, Drug Delivery Systems, Biogenic Synthesis, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS).
ORGANIZATIONAL AND PEDAGOGICAL MECHANISMS OF TRAINING COMPETITIVE TEACHING STAFF BASED ON THE CLUSTER APPROACH IN PRESCHOOL EDUCATION
This article examines the essence and significance of the cluster approach in the preschool education system, as well as its role in training competitive teaching staff. It also explores ways to improve interaction mechanisms between educational institutions, research organizations, and practitioners using the cluster approach. Furthermore, it explores the potential of educational clusters to ensure continuous education, develop the professional competencies of future specialists, and improve the quality of the educational process. The study substantiates that the cluster approach is an important factor in enhancing the effectiveness of education, strengthening the integration of theory and practice, and training competitive staff who meet modern labor market requirements.
Cluster approach, preschool education, continuing education, teaching staff, professional competence, quality of education, integration, innovation, cooperation mechanisms, competitiveness.
METHODOLOGY FOR DEVELOPING LOGICAL AND CREATIVE ABILITIES OF PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS BASED ON THE ADDIE MODEL
The article discusses the possibilities of using modern pedagogical technology - the ADDIE model - to develop the intellectual potential of primary school students. During the study, the impact of organizing educational processes based on five stages (analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation) on the logical thinking and creative activity of students was studied. The article describes the methodology for designing special tasks and educational materials for primary school students. The results show that lessons organized on the basis of a systematic approach develop students' skills in overcoming problem situations and non-standard thinking.
ADDIE model, primary education, logical thinking, creative ability, instructional design, educational efficiency
INTERACTIVE METHODS IN TEACHING ENGLISH: DISTINCTIVE FEATURES
This article discusses the recognition of knowledge, its process, advantages, and planning, as well as language-teaching activities and games, and the challenges encountered in the application of interactive methods. It highlights that, in lessons conducted through interactive methods, students’ own life knowledge and experiences are taken into account. Instead of merely providing information, the teacher enriches the lesson by drawing on students’ existing knowledge and, rather than simply presenting information, encourages students to express independent opinions, thereby broadening their worldview.
Planning, training, process, problems, interactive method, advantages, collaboration, composition, presentation, development.
OPTIMIZATION AND ROUTING OF PEDIATRIC PATIENTS WITH SUSPECTED CNS TUMORS
Optimization and Routing of Pediatric Patients with Suspected CNS Tumors
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