European Science Methodical Journal is a scholarly peer reviewed international multidisciplinary Journal. The journal implements double blind peer review for articles. The research manuscript have to pass through the plagiarism check before allotted to the reviewers. The open access journal ensure the quality of published articles. The journal includes wide range of research articles in multidisciplinary areas of Applied, Methodical, Therotical and Biological Sciences. The original review, research, literature, short note, book reviews are welcome to publish in this journal Important information of the Journal: Frequency: 12 issues per Year International License: CC BY Acceptance Status : 1-2 weeks Publication Period : 1-2 weeks ISSN (E): 2938-3641 SJIF 2024: 5.394 Journal Abbreviation: Eur. sci. methodical j. The scope of the journal is not limited to- Physical Sciences Biological Sciences Chemical Sciences Engineering and Technology Food Sciences Forensic Science Physical Sciences Medical Science Educational Science
THE ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN INNOVATIVE PEDAGOGY AND STIMULATION TECHNOLOGIES IN MEDICAL EDUCATION
Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming medical education by enabling personalized learning, enhancing simulation-based training, and supporting competency-based assessment. This review synthesizes recent developments in AI-driven adaptive learning platforms, intelligent tutoring systems, virtual patients, and AI-augmented virtual/augmented reality (VR/AR) simulators. We discuss pedagogical benefits—improved knowledge retention, faster skills acquisition, and actionable learning analytics—alongside key challenges including data privacy, algorithmic bias, faculty development, cost, and ethical concerns. Finally, we outline practical implementation strategies and propose future research directions to ensure responsible, equitable, and evidence-based integration of AI into medical curricula.
Artificial intelligence; medical education; innovative pedagogy; simulation; virtual patients; adaptive learning; learning analytics; ethic.
Copyright (c) 2026 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
DIDACTIC OPPORTUNITIES OF GAMIFICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN DEVELOPING DIGITAL LITERACY IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS
This study examines the didactic potential of gamification technologies in developing students’ digital literacy within the educational process. In the era of rapid digitalization, digital literacy has become a fundamental skill for students, enabling them to effectively use digital tools, access information, and participate in modern learning environments. Gamification technologies, including educational games, simulations, and reward-based systems, provide interactive and motivating learning experiences that promote active engagement and skill acquisition. The research analyzes how these technologies can enhance students’ practical digital skills, critical thinking, problem-solving, and collaborative abilities. Furthermore, the study highlights both the opportunities and challenges of integrating gamification into teaching practices. Findings indicate that when implemented thoughtfully, gamification technologies significantly support the development of digital literacy and create learner-centered environments that foster motivation, creativity, and effective learning outcomes.
Gamification technologies, digital literacy, educational process, didactic opportunities, game-based learning, ICT skills, student engagement, interactive learning, digital competencies, innovative teaching.
In this article, the concept of an organism and its connection with natural geographical complexes are analyzed from a scientific point of view. Issues of the main characteristics of the organism, systematicity, integrity, and interrelationships between components are highlighted. It also explains the formation of natural geographical complexes as a single system based on the interaction of natural components - climate, relief, soil, water, flora, and fauna. Based on the scientific views of Shubaev and Baratov, the article discusses the development of natural systems, the exchange of matter and energy, and the impact of human activity on nature. The necessity of maintaining the natural balance and nature conservation is also substantiated.
Organism, natural geographical complex, natural components, landscape, systematicity, metabolism of matter and energy, ecological balance, climate, soil, vegetation cover, nature conservation.
NEUROENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC BIOMARKERS IN POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME: ASSOCIATION OF KISSPEPTIN, ANTI-MÜLLERIAN HORMONE, AND ADIPOKINES WITH HORMONAL DYSREGULATION
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine disorder in reproductive age women with complex neuroendocrine and metabolic causes. This case control study assessed serum levels of the following: kisspeptin, anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), leptin, adiponectin, reproductive hormones, insulin resistance indices in 60 women with PCOS and 60 age-matched healthy controls in Iraq.
PCOS; Kisspeptin; AMH; Leptin; Adiponectin; HOMA-IR; Insulin Resistance; Hormonal Dysregulation; Iraq.
MICROBIOTA AND HUMAN HEALTH: BIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS AND CLINICAL IMPACT
The human microbiota represents a complex and dynamic ecosystem composed of trillions of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and archaea, that colonize various anatomical sites of the body. Among these, the gut microbiota has emerged as a central regulator of host physiology, metabolism, immune function, and neurobehavioral processes. Advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies and metagenomic analysis have significantly expanded our understanding of host–microbiota interactions and their role in maintaining health and contributing to disease pathogenesis. The biological mechanisms through which microbiota influence human health include modulation of immune system development, production of bioactive metabolites such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), regulation of epithelial barrier integrity, and interaction with endocrine and neural signaling pathways. Dysbiosis—an imbalance in microbial composition and function—has been strongly associated with a wide range of diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune disorders, neurodegenerative conditions, and certain cancers.Recent clinical research highlights the therapeutic potential of microbiota-targeted interventions such as probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, dietary modulation, and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Personalized microbiome-based medicine is emerging as a promising approach for disease prevention and treatment.This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the biological mechanisms underlying microbiota-host interactions and evaluates their clinical implications in modern medicine. Understanding the microbiome as a key regulatory system offers new perspectives for translational research and precision healthcare strategies.
Microbiota; Gut microbiome; Dysbiosis; Immune regulation; Short-chain fatty acids; Metabolic syndrome; Inflammation; Fecal microbiota transplantation; Precision medicine.
APOPTOSIS AND CELL PROLIFERATION: THEIR ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF ONCOLOGICAL DISEASES
Apoptosis and cell proliferation are fundamental biological processes that maintain tissue homeostasis in multicellular organisms. The balance between programmed cell death and controlled cell division ensures normal growth, development, and regeneration of tissues. Disruption of this balance plays a central role in the initiation and progression of oncological diseases. Reduced apoptosis or excessive proliferation leads to uncontrolled cell growth, genomic instability, tumor formation, and metastasis. Modern molecular biology has revealed key regulatory pathways involved in apoptosis, including the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway, extrinsic death receptor pathway, and the role of caspases, Bcl-2 family proteins, and p53 tumor suppressor gene. Similarly, dysregulation of the cell cycle through cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), and oncogenes contributes to malignant transformation.This article analyzes the molecular and cellular mechanisms of apoptosis and proliferation, their interaction in cancer pathogenesis, and the clinical significance of targeting these pathways in oncology. Understanding these mechanisms provides a scientific basis for the development of targeted therapies and personalized medicine in cancer treatment.
Apoptosis; Cell proliferation; Cancer; Oncogenesis; Cell cycle; Tumor suppressor genes; Caspases; Bcl-2; p53; Molecular oncology.
METABOLIC HEALTH AND ITS DETERMINANTS IN IRAQI UNIVERSITY STUDENTS: A CROSS-SECTIONAL ANALYSIS
Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors that substantially increases the risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Although traditionally associated with older populations, recent evidence suggests a rising burden of MetS among young adults, particularly in regions undergoing rapid lifestyle transitions. Objective: This study aimed to assess the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its associated metabolic and lifestyle-related risk factors among university students in Diyala Province, Iraq. Methods: A cross-sectional survey of university students was performed. Anthropometric measurements, blood pressure and biochemical (fasting blood glucose and lipid profile) parameters were determined. MetS was diagnosed according to accepted criteria. Frequency of consumption of fast-food was assessed as lifestyle factor. Comparisons between students with and without MetS were conducted statistically. Results: Metabolic syndrome was identified among university students, indicating the presence of early cardiometabolic risk, suggesting an early cardiometabolic risk profile. The body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, fasting blood glucose levels, triglycerides, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and VLDL were significantly higher and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) lower in those with MetS compared to their healthy counterparts. More frequent consumption of fast food (>3 times/week) was related with worse metabolic profiles: higher glucose, dyslipidemia, central obesity and heavier blood pressure. Conclusions: Metabolic syndrome and its components exist and are present in university students, in Diyala Province suggesting early occurrence of cardiometabolic risk. Frequent indulgence in fast-food is an important modifiable.
LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL ERRORS IN EFL WRITING: IMPLICATIONS FOR TEACHING METHODOLOGY
Writing is one of the most challenging skills for learners of English as a Foreign Language (EFL). Among the common difficulties students face are lexical and grammatical errors, which significantly affect clarity, coherence, and communicative effectiveness. This article explores the nature and causes of lexical and grammatical errors in EFL writing and discusses their pedagogical implications. The study emphasizes the importance of systematic error analysis, contextualized grammar instruction, vocabulary development strategies, and communicative teaching approaches to reduce recurring errors. Practical recommendations for improving teaching methodology are also provided.
EFL writing, lexical errors, grammatical errors, error analysis, teaching methodology, foreign language learning.
CHARACTERIZATION OF QUANTUM EFFICIENCY AND OPTICAL ABSORPTION OF NANOMATERIAL DRUG CARRIERS UNDER LASER EFFECT: THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL INSIGHTS
To successfully combine laser technology with nanomedicine, it is important to have a good insight into the optical properties of drug carriers. The paper will describe the Quantum Efficiency (QE) and Optical Absorption of two different types of nanomaterials: carbon-based Graphene Quantum Dots (GQDs) synthesized by hydrothermal, biogenic (green), and Laser Ablation in Liquids (LAL) synthesis, and metallic nanoparticles (AgNPs and AuNPs). The main goal was to establish the correlation between structural property - e.g. particle size, surface defects and functionalization - and the photonic performance of the material under laser irradiation. It was shown in the experiment that LAL-produced AuNPs are more monodispersed and reach a high Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) peak at 520 nm as compared to other methods, which are more suited to photothermal work. On the other hand, organic capping layers resulted in broader absorption profiles in biogenic AgNPs. GQDs exhibited a high intrinsic QE of 18.4 percent with regards to the carbon-based carriers. When loaded with the anticancer drug Doxorubicin (DOX), the QE considerably dropped to 9.2% which is due to a Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) process, essentially acting as an optical signal-off detector in drug conjugation. In order to triangulate these experimental results, DFT calculations were done with the B3LYP functional. The theoretical models estimated a decrease in HOMO-LUMO gap to 2.98 eV (GQD-DOX complex) compared to 3.65 eV (bare GQD) which was consistent with experimental optical data with a variation of less than 6%. As the current paper confirms, the combination of advanced laser spectroscopy and theoretical modeling allows building a powerful framework of the design of smart, optically active drug delivery system.
Nanomaterial Characterization, Quantum Efficiency, Optical Absorption, Laser Ablation in Liquids, Graphene Quantum Dots, Density Functional Theory (DFT), Surface Plasmon Resonance, Drug Delivery Systems, Biogenic Synthesis, Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS).
METHODOLOGY FOR DEVELOPING LOGICAL AND CREATIVE ABILITIES OF PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS BASED ON THE ADDIE MODEL
The article discusses the possibilities of using modern pedagogical technology - the ADDIE model - to develop the intellectual potential of primary school students. During the study, the impact of organizing educational processes based on five stages (analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation) on the logical thinking and creative activity of students was studied. The article describes the methodology for designing special tasks and educational materials for primary school students. The results show that lessons organized on the basis of a systematic approach develop students' skills in overcoming problem situations and non-standard thinking.
ADDIE model, primary education, logical thinking, creative ability, instructional design, educational efficiency
INTERACTIVE METHODS IN TEACHING ENGLISH: DISTINCTIVE FEATURES
This article discusses the recognition of knowledge, its process, advantages, and planning, as well as language-teaching activities and games, and the challenges encountered in the application of interactive methods. It highlights that, in lessons conducted through interactive methods, students’ own life knowledge and experiences are taken into account. Instead of merely providing information, the teacher enriches the lesson by drawing on students’ existing knowledge and, rather than simply presenting information, encourages students to express independent opinions, thereby broadening their worldview.
Planning, training, process, problems, interactive method, advantages, collaboration, composition, presentation, development.
OPTIMIZATION AND ROUTING OF PEDIATRIC PATIENTS WITH SUSPECTED CNS TUMORS
Optimization and Routing of Pediatric Patients with Suspected CNS Tumors
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of CNS tumors, highlighting ongoing research and identifying areas where further exploration is needed.
High-grade gliomas (HGGs) are a category of aggressive brain tumors with poor prognosis and limited treatment options. These tumors are characterized by their rapid growth, invasive nature, and resistance to conventional therapies. This article explores the current understanding of high-grade gliomas, including their pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment options. The review highlights the challenges in managing these tumors, the latest research findings, and potential future therapeutic strategies. Early diagnosis and novel therapeutic approaches, such as immunotherapy and personalized medicine, are also discussed as promising avenues for improving patient outcomes.
High-grade glioma, glioblastoma, brain tumor, treatment, immunotherapy, personalized medicine, prognosis, biomarkers.
THEORETICAL STUDY OF THE ECCENTRIC-TYPE EXPERIMENTAL VACUUM VALVE DESIGN
This article theoretically analyzes the shortcomings observed during the operation of SS-15 type separators used in the cotton-cleaning industry, particularly the energy losses caused by air leakage into the vacuum valve system and its impact on the quality of raw cotton. Furthermore, an experimental eccentric-type vacuum valve design was developed, and its efficiency was analyzed with respect to angular velocity, number of blades, and inclination angle.
Separator, pneumatic transport system, raw cotton, energy efficiency, experimental design, eccentric vacuum valve, blade angle, filling coefficient.
OBTAINING CORROSION INHIBITORS CONTAINING NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS BASED ON AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
This study focuses on the synthesis of novel corrosion inhibitors containing nitrogen and phosphorus based on aromatic compounds. The research investigates the chemical modification of aromatic amines and phosphates, their incorporation into inhibitor formulations, and their effectiveness in protecting metal surfaces from corrosion. Electrochemical studies and immersion tests revealed that the obtained inhibitors significantly reduce the corrosion rate in aggressive environments. The combination of nitrogen and phosphorus functional groups provides synergistic effects, enhancing adsorption on metal surfaces and forming stable protective films.
Aromatic compounds, Corrosion inhibitors, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Metal protection, Adsorption, Electrochemical analysis.
OBTAINING NEW ANTICORROSION COATINGS BASED ON ETHANOLAMINES
This study focuses on the development of new anticorrosion coatings based on ethanolamines. Chemical modification of monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), and triethanolamine (TEA) was performed to enhance their interaction with polymer matrices and metal surfaces. The resulting coatings exhibited excellent adhesion, improved barrier properties, and high resistance to corrosion in aggressive environments such as saline, acidic, and alkaline solutions. Electrochemical tests and salt spray experiments confirmed the effectiveness of ethanolamine-based coatings in preventing both uniform and localized corrosion. These findings demonstrate that ethanolamines are promising materials for the creation of environmentally friendly and efficient anticorrosion coatings for industrial applications.
Ethanolamines, Anticorrosion coatings, Metal protection, Polymer matrices, Corrosion resistance, Chemical modification, Salt spray test, Electrochemical impedance.
STUDY OF THE SPECTRAL PROPERTIES OF THE DISELENIUM DICHLORIDE (Se2Cl2) MOLECULE IN THE I. R. INFRARED AREA
The spectral and thermal properties of (Selenium-Halogen (Se2Cl2)) have been studied in this study, where the spatial geometry of the particles was studied using semi-experimental quantum programs in methdd (MNDO/PM3) via the dimensions of bonds. The basic molecule vibration frequencies, which have six basic vibration frequencies ranging from (69.34 - 456.01) cm-1 in the chair-form state, were also measured. The power is equal to (E.A = 2.047253eV), (Eg = 1.655715eV) and the distance quantity was determined to measure electronic affinity (E.A). The energy levels were then represented by two-dimensional ( 2D) and three-dimensional ( 3D) diagrams, and the total particle charge density and electrostatic voltage were determined using the HYPERCHEM software for most of the previous readings.
Spectral, Selenium, Halogen, HYPERCHEM 6, MNDO / pm3, molecular orbitals.
EVALUATION OF MINERAL METABOLISM IN BROILER CHICKS FED WITH CHITOSAN AND WHEY POWDER
Great attention is paid to the development of poultry farming in our republic. Today, as in all countries, the development of poultry farming is considered an important factor in ensuring food security, and the industry plays an invaluable role in providing the population with poultry meat and egg products rich in protein and vitamins. The dry and warm climate of Uzbekistan is favorable for keeping and raising poultry.
Chitosan, chitin, whey powder, calcium, phosphorus, broiler, poultry.
NEW APPROACHES TO ENDOCRINOPATHY IN CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES WITH METABOLIC SYNDROME
Epidemiologic data from observational studies and clinical trials provide substantial evidence of significant overlap between metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. Recognizing this complex relationship, the American Heart Association (AHA) recently introduced the concept of a combined disease known as cardiovascular and metabolic syndrome (CKM), emphasizing the close association and interaction between these areas of health. The purpose of this study is to provide a comprehensive and critical analysis of the current state of play regarding the newly defined CKM syndrome. This includes an examination of the epidemiologic and experimental data establishing links between cardio-metabolic diseases, an exploration of the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and a comprehensive review of existing treatments.
CKM; Cardiovascular metabolic syndrome; Metabolic syndrome; Obesity; American Heart Association (AHA); Hepatoprotector; Gossypol derivative.
PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE REPORT ON NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
The process of launching a new product on the market is called new product development. The application of this can be made to develop an entirely new product, enhance an existing one to maintain its attractiveness and competitiveness or introduce an old product to a new market. (Online, 2023).
DETERMINING STUDENTS’ PROGRAMMING ABILITY THROUGH INTERACTIVE METHODS AND TEST TECHNOLOGIES
The study focuses on exploring the effective ways of determining students’ programming abilities through interactive methods and modern test technologies. The research highlights the increasing importance of formative and summative assessment tools in the process of developing programming skills, especially within digital learning environments. The study analyzes the integration of interactivity in programming education, emphasizing the potential of gamification, online coding simulators, adaptive testing systems, and interactive problem-solving platforms in evaluating learners’ competencies. Interactive methods, such as peer programming, project-based assessment, and real-time feedback mechanisms, allow for more objective and dynamic measurement of students’ cognitive and practical skills. The use of test technologies, including automated code evaluation systems and online assessment software, enhances the efficiency, reliability, and fairness of evaluation processes. The research also explores how adaptive tests and interactive environments can cater to individual differences among students, helping educators identify not only the level of knowledge but also gaps in logical thinking, problem-solving strategies, and algorithmic reasoning. This approach contributes to the creation of a student-centered learning environment that motivates learners, increases engagement, and supports continuous improvement of programming competence. The findings underline that a balanced combination of interactive teaching strategies and technological testing tools allows educators to better understand students’ potential and to design personalized learning trajectories.
Interactive methods, test technologies, programming ability, coding assessment, digital learning, adaptive testing, peer programming, formative evaluation, algorithmic thinking, project-based learning.
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR IMPROVING THE PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE OF VOCATIONAL EDUCATION TEACHERS BASED ON DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES
This article analyzes the theoretical foundations for improving the professional competence of vocational education teachers based on digital technologies. Today, digital transformation significantly influences teachers' preparation and professional development in vocational education. Therefore, the effective use of digital technologies, the development of innovative thinking, and the enhancement of methodological training are of great importance. The article provides a scientific overview of professional competence, the role of digital technologies in education, and the development of the teacher's personality through pedagogical mechanisms. These findings contribute to the improvement of the vocational education system.
Digital technologies, vocational education, professional competence, innovation, digital literacy, pedagogical mechanisms, methodological training, educational process, digital transformation, innovative thinking
THE CONCEPT OF HYPERACTIVITY. THE IMPACT OF HYPERACTIVITY IN EARLY SCHOOL AGE
This article examines the symptoms of hyperactivity, its causes, and the positive and negative effects it has on children of primary school age. Recommendations are given on how to approach hyperactive children by teachers and parents. It is also emphasized that by using pedagogical strategies when working with hyperactive children, their energy can be directed in a positive direction.
Children, emotional intelligence, hyperactivity, characteristics, education, behavior, methods, educator, cognitive development, emotional health, interpersonal conflicts, inner strength.
ENHANCING WASTEWATER TREATMENT EFFICIENCY USING MICROBIAL FUEL CELLS: A STUDY ON DOMESTIC AND HOSPITAL SEWAGE
This study evaluates the efficiency of microbial fuel cells in treating domestic and hospital wastewater, focusing on pollutant removal, bioelectricity production, and microbial communities.
Microbial fuel cells, wastewater treatment, bioelectricity, pollutant removal, IMViC profiling.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF CUO, AND ZNO NANOPARTICLES USING LACTOBACILLUS PLANTARUM BACTERIA FOR ANTICANCER ACTIVITY
Biosynthesis of copper oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticles by sustainable and environmentally friendly procedure using Lactobacillus plantarum bacteria as a reducing and capping agents. The biosynthesized nanoparticles were characterized using different techniques. XRD results demonstrated that the synthesized CuO crystals possessed a tenorite monoclinic phase with an average crystallite dimension of 24.78 nm, while ZnO formed hexagonal wurtzite crystals of 27.41 nm length. SEM analysis showed that CuO nanoparticles existed as quasi-spherical shapes while ZnO nanoparticles displayed hexagonal rod-like structures that matched their crystal arrangements. The EDS analysis showed both nanoparticles contained high-purity elements while they harbored only minimal bacterial remnants. The MTT assay was utilized to evaluate the anticancer activity of CuO/ ZnO nanoparticles against K562 erythroleukemic cells with normal human fetal fibroblast (HFF) cells serving as controls. The biosynthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles showed potential cancer therapy options for erythroleukemic conditions where CuO nanoparticles proved superior anticancer efficacy compared to ZnO nanoparticles. The CuO nanoparticles exhibited good cytotoxicity against cancer K562 cells with an IC50 value of 135.46 μg/ml, whereas, ZnO nanoparticles exhibited a moderate activity showing an IC50 of 438.23μg/ml. Notably, CuO/ZnO nanoparticles displayed selective cytotoxicity against cancer K562 cells and minimal cytotoxicity against normal HFF cells, where the viability rates stayed above 65% even when high concentrations were applied. This selective targeting ability is credited to the variability in the functionality of a membrane, metabolic rates, and antioxidant defense mechanisms between cancer and normal cells, plus the formation of protein layers of corona on the surface of the nanoparticle.
Biosynthesis, nanoparticles, crystallite, cytotoxicity, anticancer.
BRAIN BIOCHEMISTRY: METABOLIC CHANGES IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE (AD)
Alzheimer’s Disease is defined by progressive brain impairment and the presence of multiple molecular abnormalities. We aim to investigate the metabolic changes that occur in both brain tissue and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from 30 individuals with AD and 30 healthy individuals of comparable age. We analyzed important indicators of glucose metabolism, mitochondrial function, oxidative stress and neurotransmitter balance through a combination of immunohistochemistry, biochemical methods and metabolomics. Reduced expression of GLUT1 and GLUT3 by 43.2% and 39.6% and a 47.5% decrease in ATP production suggest impaired energy metabolism. The increases in lactate and its ratio to pyruvate indicated that AD brain tissue leaned toward reliance on anaerobic glycolysis. Complex I and Complex IV mitochondrial enzymes showed diminished activity, whereas the level of oxidative stress indicators MDA and 8-OHdG was higher. Our investigation found higher glutamate but lower concentrations of GABA, dopamine, and acetylcholine in the brain. A systematic assessment of metabolites revealed alterations in pathways critical to neuronal function and mitochondrial health. These findings demonstrate that abnormal metabolism is a key contributor to AD development and encourage the use of metabolic markers for earlier diagnosis and possible treatments.
Alzheimer’s Disease, Brain Biochemistry, Metabolic Dysfunction, Glucose Metabolism, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, Neurotransmitters, CSF Biomarkers, ¹H-NMR, Metabolomics, Cognitive Decline.
PEDAGOGICAL TECHNOLOGY OF TEACHING AND ITS STRUCTURE
This article analyzes modern pedagogical technologies of education, their essence and structural components. The main principles, stages and practical aspects of pedagogical technology for achieving efficiency in the educational process are highlighted. Special attention is also paid to the stages of design, implementation and monitoring of educational technology. The author reveals the possibilities of forming independent thinking, creative approach and practical skills in students through the use of modern technologies. The conclusion substantiates the positive impact of pedagogical technology on the quality of education, its role in the systematic and effective organization of teacher and student activities.
Education, technology, structure, social type, global task, principle, position, modern scientific technology, variability, pedagogical technology, educational process, didactic technology.
METHODOLOGY FOR TEACHING STUDENTS TO WORK ON SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS
This article discusses the methodology of teaching students to work with scientific concepts. It explores the definition of scientific concepts, their role in the field of pedagogy, and highlights the main aspects of the methodology for developing students’ understanding of such concepts. The paper also presents exercises aimed at enhancing students’ engagement with and comprehension of scientific terminology.
Scientific concept, education, upbringing, didactics, innovative teaching methods
METHODOLOGY FOR DEVELOPING WILL MAKING QUALITIES IN ATHLETES
This article provides a scientific analysis of the methods for forming and developing volitional qualities in athletes, as well as the coach's methodological activities and educational-psychological approaches in this process. Additionally, effective methods and exercises aimed at increasing athletes' patience, determination, and self-control abilities are highlighted.
Athlete, willpower, volitional qualities, coach, psychological preparation, motivation, pedagogical methodology.